Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] was born in Mecca in either 569 or 571. Before he was born, he lost his father, Abdullah. When he was six years old, he lost his mother, Amina. Then he was taken under the care of his grandfather, Abdulmuttalib. After his grandfather passed away, he was raised by his uncle, Abu Talib.
From a young age, he engaged in trade. He opposed the idolaters who lived in Mecca.
Before becoming a prophet, he was known among the people for his good character, honesty, and justice, earning the title 'Al-Ameen' (The Trustworthy).
At the age of 25, he married Khadijah. They had six children: Qasim, Abdullah, Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah. Qasim and Abdullah passed away at a young age.
From time to time, he would take some food and retreat to the Cave of Hira on Mount Nur. In the year 610, on the 17th of Ramadan, or according to another narration, the 27th, the angel Jibreel came to him in the Cave of Hira and gave him the first revelation with the command 'Read!'. Thus, at the age of 40, Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] was given prophethood.
The Prophet [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] began spreading the message to his closest family. His wife, Khadijah, was the first to believe, followed by his daughters. Then, Ali, Zayd bin Harithah, and Abu Bakr accepted Islam.
Islam, which promoted justice and removed inequality among people, was mostly accepted by the poor and slaves. The number of Muslims increased day by day.
The first Muslims suffered from insults, mistreatment, torture, and boycott by the idol worshippers in Mecca.
When the Muslims could no longer live in Mecca, the Prophet [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] and his companions migrated to Medina in 622 with Allah's permission. Abu Bakr was the Prophet’s travel companion.
The Muslims of Medina (Ansar) welcomed the Meccan migrants (Muhajirun) warmly. The Ansar and Muhajirun were declared brothers. Thus, the Islamic State of Medina was established. After its establishment, the polytheists began attacking the Muslims.
In 624, the Muslims won the Battle of Badr, the first battle against the polytheists.
The polytheists of Mecca marched toward Medina to take revenge for the Battle of Badr. In 625, during the Battle of Uhud, when the archers left their positions, 70 companions, including Hamza, were martyred.
Since both two sides gained a clear victory, the polytheists of Mecca gathered a large army and marched toward Medina again. When the Prophet [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] heard about this, he followed the advice of Salman al-Farsi and ordered trenches to be dug around Medina. In 627, during the Battle of the Trench, the polytheists suffered losses and retreated.
In 628, the Muslims decided to go for Hajj. The Meccans, feeling uneasy, did not want to allow them. With the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, signed in 628, the Meccan polytheists officially recognized the existence of the Muslims.
In 628, the Muslims captured Khaybar. With this victory, the trade route to Sham came under Muslim control.
The Muslims fought against the Byzantine Empire for the first time in 629 at the Battle of Mu'tah.
In 630, the conquest of Mecca took place. After this, the Arabian Peninsula quickly came under Muslim control. The Muslims won the Battle of Hunayn in 630 against the Arab pagan tribes.
The last expedition of Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] was to Tabuk in 630.
In 632, Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] performed Hajj with the Muslims for the last time, which is known as the Farewell Hajj. During this Hajj, he delivered the Farewell Sermon to 100,000 Muslims.
Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] passed away in Medina in 632.
The grave of Prophet Muhammad [sallahi alayhi wa sallam] is in Medina, at Rawdah Al-Mutahhara.
